How Rifle Technology Changed the Civil War Essay

How Rifle Technology Changed the Civil War - Essay Example During the common war, association powers utilized Gatling’s weapons on a restricted premise (Shane Mountjoy). Its expanded lethality and range subverted Napoleonic strategies. An infantryman with a rifled black powder rifle was a more noteworthy danger to artillerymen and cavalrymen (Moorehead). During the common war, an infantry man with rifle had the option to focus on an artilleryman before they were inside the scope of canister shoot. With rifles, the infantry had the option to assault the rangers troopers from a more prominent separation. Thus, the long range shoot intensity of the rifle decreased the significance of mounted guns and cavalry. During the Napoleonic wars, they were the significant powers. The adjustments in infantry fire power brought about moving accentuation from offense to protection. Napoleonic style fighting underscored on solid offense for triumph. The difficult at that point was the manner by which to execute a hostile arrangement when the strategic resistance was a lot more grounded (Moorehead). Frontal assaults were generally stayed away from and assaulted enemy’s flanks. The confederate powers, during the skirmish of Gettysburg, assaulted the association flank at the Little Round Top. However, this activity brought about overwhelming causalities for the offense. Hostile strategies were changed before the finish of the war. Rather than massed lines, little gatherings were shaped and fire and move strategies were utilized. At the point when a few men progressed, other men gave them assurance. It was clear during the skirmish of Wilderness at Brock Road on 6 May 1864 and Laurel Hill on 8 May 1864, that cautious positions repulsed assaults. Along these lines, for triumph, it got important to assault the adversary before he sets up a

Dissertation Writing Guide How To Write Best Thesis Paper - Paperell.com

Exposition Writing Guide How To Write Best Thesis Paper Exposition Writing Guide: How To Write Best Thesis Paper What makes everybody startled of this errand? Is it a colossal measure of work and time that it requires from understudies or is it the weight brought about by a solitary truth this would one say one is of the most noteworthy paper in your life? The appropriate response is both! Indeed, it is a long procedure and you ought to set yourself up for it, so it is better when you have an arrangement for the couple of weeks, months, or later. This arrangement should assist you with completing each area on schedule so the entire thing will be done when it must be submitted. This guide contains basic hints for composing such papers. Be that as it may, ensure that you have seen and comprehended the highlights of required arranging, style of references, and different requests of your instructor on the grounds that the prerequisites can shift in various colleges. Or on the other hand simply use theory help if essential. It is likewise helpful to peruse instances of other comparable works. You ne ed to see a case of the best thesis online to get a thought of how it must be composed and how might you sort out your paper. Getting ready such a major paper can be an alternate activity so you can search for a postulation composing administration. Along these lines, you won't have dangers of failure.Steps of different papers should assist you with developing a decent structure, presentation and theory proclamation, and to introduce gathered information and discoveries. You should search for thesis composing administrations in the event that you have to arrange your paper on the Internet.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 21

Promoting - Essay Example In picking a vehicle, different choices have been made as the client advances starting with one stage then onto the next. In pre-buy for instance, after the shopper has perceived a need as an issue or a chance, the decision of where to search for data as respects the accessible choices to address the issue or opportunity is one of the choices to be made. The decision of how much time and exertion, for example her degree of association in the choice, is likewise one of the choices that she would make. She may search for data in the Internet, or she may choose to visit a vehicle seller to ask about the item. After the buyer accumulates enough data as respects her decisions for the vehicle models, the shopper should choose what characteristics she gives a lot of accentuation, which will in the end establish her rules for the buy choice. After she has decided her decision of brand,.she needs to manage littler choices, for example, the model of the vehicle she would get, and the particulars. Some of the time, the decision of financing is a piece of the choice procedure, and could impact the acquisition of one brand over the other. After she has settled on her decision dependent on her arrangement of models, the following choice she needs to make is the manner by which to put in her request, for example the conveyance channel. She can either decide to go to a close by vendor, or submit her request in the Internet if her picked brands site has such an alternative accessible. The shoppers last choice as respects the purchasing procedure would be an activity that is incited by her assessment of the item. Her keep going choice will rely upon the degree of fulfillment or disappointment concerning her buy, for example backing, positive input, no activity, positive criticism, or claim for extraordinary cases. C. What sorts of advantages promoting supervisors get from the investigation of customer conduct? At the end of the day, recognize any sorts of administrative ramifications which will be useful for structuring showcasing techniques or

Research Employment Law And Employer-employees Conflicts - 2475 Words

Research Employment Law And Employer-employees Conflicts (Case Study Sample) Content: Employment Laws in ManagementName of StudentInstitutional AffiliationEmployment LawsExecutive SummaryA business or organizational set up has players that make every process a success. Each player is always accredited with specific tasks at various levels of leadership. In most cases, the two principal parties are the employers and employees. In such setups, given the interaction of the different people with different ideologies, sometimes conflicts arise. The conflicts can be employee-employee conflict or employer-employee conflict. This paper is based on the employer-employee conflict that befell a wine importer agency that resulted in the dismissal of four employees at a go in different circumstances without consideration of the Employment termination principles.Des Cole and Sarah Cole co-own a private merchant store that imports and stocks rare but popular brand of wine. The firm has four competent employees led by the manager, Kelly, who has managed to streamline the operations of the business for years. This has made the owners reluctant in visiting the store occasionally given that everything is always in order in their absences. The situation changes when Kelly, the manager, succumbs to injuries at the workplace that forces her to stay in bed and away from work. The Assistant Manager, Graham takes charge, and things begin to go wrong. What follows is a progressive dismissal of all the four employs on different counts.Main Claims against the Employees DismissalConsequentially, each of the fired employees comes with a solicitor who submits the requirement to be met by the firm before firing them. The following are the main claims that arose: Unfair dismissal, Working tie regulations, Constructive dismissal, Sex discrimination, and Breach of Public Interest Disclosure Act.Unfair dismissalAs seen from the case study, Des and Sarah subjects all the four employees; Diane, Ralph, Kelly, and Graham to unfair dismissal. In the UK employment law, u nfair dismissal is one of the commonly breached rules that many employers find themselves answering to in courts. As Selvidge (2006) asserts, every employee that has the qualifying period of service records is not vulnerable to unfair dismissal. The law requires that the employer provides relevant and genuine reasons towards the unfair dismissal. Various categories qualify an unfair dismissal with the prime one being the employees incapability to perform as per the employment terms. Des and Sarah never took into consideration all the categories before opting for the dismissal of the employees; something that would subject them to uncertainties during the court process.Working time RegulationsThe working time regulations are set to help both the employers and employees in managing the time well without straining any of the two parties. It is the standard yard of determining the extent of work and the required number of employees needed to tackle the work within the stipulated period. Without the working time regulations, the employer might tend to frustrate the employees by overworking them. On the other hand, an employee might equally work for short time and demand for higher payment. Therefore, just as Philp and Wheatley (2013) puts it clear, the working time regulations leads to a more established and flexible working approach. Furthermore, it is what has created other methods such as shifts and job sharing as the employers would tend to cope with the 24/7 demand. This is the point of bargain by Ralph against dismissal.Constructive dismissalThe principle of constructive dismissal also applies in this case study and involves the owners of the company and the one Kelly, who succumbs to frustrations originating from her well-played role in the enterprise. Constructive dismissal is all about fundamental violation of the employees rights by the employer through that induces severity feeling that can subject the employee to self-declared dismissal. In this case, t he initial termination statement does not originate from the employer but rather from the employee.Breach of Public Interest Disclosure ActPublic Interest Disclosure Act is a law that requires for the protection of an employee who has come up with a proper information concerning other employees conduct. An employee must be protected at all levels since some information can be so risky and can make ones life insecure. According to Gobert and Punch (2009), the formation of the Public Interest Disclosure Act aims at providing safe environment for the employee who has reported some vital information about others. Similarly, it is not allowed to mention the actual name of the employee who has provided the information.Sex discriminationAs per The Equality Act 2010, sex discrimination is termed as the unlawful mistreatment of an employee by an employer based on the sex. Normally, this has been a big issue of concern on the male employer to female employee context. The same arises especial ly when the other employees of a different sex are treated differently. To Kelly, she has it that she is facing the frustrations simply because she is a woman.The Strengths of Each CaseEven though they never expected anything legal to follow their careless dismissal of employees, Des and Sarah must now come to reality concerning the content of each letter by the various solicitors.Unfair dismissalThe law against unfair dismissal is at hand facing the duo. All the four letters from the four attorneys representing the four employees contains the issue of unfair dismissal. As set out in the UK's Employment Rights Act 1996, for an employees termination to be rated as fair, there must be some categories that apply and can be proved by the employer. To begin with, the employee must have been found to be lacking the qualities to serve in the stated company. The company is already failing in this since the employees had served for long just to show lack of qualification or competence at a l ater time. Therefore, all the dismissed workers have defeated the company on these groundsSecondly, another scenario that can attract an employees fair dismissal is when proved to be having poor attendance, dishonesty, and failure to follow instructions. Again on this, these employees were the best and most compliant. This is evident from the frequency with which the owners of the company could visit their retail shop. Similarly, the dismissed employees are not guilty of the same.Working time RegulationsWorking time regulations is one of the laws that the likes of Des were never aware of. Just as presented by Ralph Blooms solicitor, the employer was not in order by discontinuing his employment. Going by their arguments, the employee was bargaining on facts which are outlined in the Acts of Employment but ended up losing the job despite being factual and right. Ralph is not given a day off weekly as stipulated in the working time regulations.Furthermore, the employer is seen to have gone against the law because after forcing Ralph to take up duties for two consecutive weeks, he ignores what he is required to and does the opposite. As asserted by Dembe (2011), in a situation where the employee has to work even on his free day, possibly due to unavoidable circumstance, the employee should get compensation for the days workedin the form of compensatory rest . The employer, therefore, never considered the compensatory rest which the employee was qualified to access. These show how strong Ralphs solicitor can stand against the employers in the court of law.Constructive dismissalConstructive dismissal is a unique kind of termination of duties whereby the one to be dismissed initiates the dismissal. This always occurs when the employee is fed up with everything and has nothing more to do apart from quitting. However, an occurrence of a constructive dismissal is an automatic assurance of mistreatments within the company Paul and Seeberger (2012). Most human resource s cholars attribute a constructive dismissal to problems from the employers side.Going by Kellys situation, she is already in a sympathetic situation with her car getting vandalized because she spoke to save a situation. To her surprise, even after establishing that the cause of all her misfortunes is in line with the information that she gave, the employers ignores her plea with the strongest possible excuse ever. She feels desolated and hopeless on realizing that the employers cannot appreciate the step she took in unfolding the rightful information but rather leave her in a suffer-alone situation. To her, going away from the firm can yield her some peace and that is why she opts to resign.Breach of Public Interest Disclosure ActThe Employment Rights Act 1996 section 43 B identifies the types of disclosures that qualify for protection. Even in the case of Graham and Jacks conduct of doing their private business within their employers premises qualifies Kelly to receive protection ag ainst that information. Section 43A part 1 says that a qualifying disclosure for protection is one in which the disclosure has proof that a criminal offense has been committed, or is being committed, or is likely to be committed (Gobert Punch 2009).In essence, Kelly needed protection against her disclosure since the employers proved beyond reasonable doubt that the two were engaging in illegal business in his premises. Besides, the culprits themselves admitted having committed the offense. In case the employers would have protected Kelly, without mentioning her name as the one who reported the issue, she would not have suffered what she suffered. However, it is quite sad that...

Bullying in School Should Not be Taken Lightly Essay

Introduction to the problem Life as we know it today is full of many problems. Among all of the problems, bullying is likely to be the most serious and probably the worst. Statistics show that one in seven children in grades K-12 have either been bullied or are a bully. It’s likely that the issue of bullying is most common among teens. It is said that 30% of teens have been involved in bullying, as either the bully or the victim. Bullying is also common in the college and workplaces but it is now where as serious as teen bullying. This bullying is sort of taken lightly, it isn’t really taken seriously. Many school officials try to solve the problem by exploiting the issue and its results to students, but also isn’t taken seriously. Some†¦show more content†¦Also when the targets have difficulty stopping the behavior directly at them and struggle to defend themselves. Many definition’s include a statement about the â€Å"imbalance of power†, described as when the perso n with the bullying behavior has more power, either physically, socially, or emotionally, such as a higher social status, is physically larger or emotionally intimidating. Many definitions indicate that the bullying is â€Å"repeated†, but the reality is that bullying can be circumstantial or chronic. It might be the result of a single situation, such as being the new kid in school, being a new employee in the work place or it might be behavior that has been directed at the individual for a long period of time. It is also important to note that bullying is not just about the implications for those targeted by the behaviors, but that the behavior can impact everyone surrounded including those who witness the behavior or situation and those that engage in the behavior. There are different types of bullying. There is verbal bullying, social bullying, and physical bullying. Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean or hurtful thing. This includes teasing, name calling, inappropr iate sexual comments, black mailing, taunting or threatening to cause harm. Social bullying are sometimes referred to as relational bullying involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. ThisShow MoreRelatedBullying Persuasive Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesare victims of bullying each year. Bullying is a serious offence and shouldn’t be taken lightly, students around the world should be aware of what bullying does and how it affects the other person. Seventeen percent of American students report bullying two to three times a month or more within a school semester. Bullying has been occurring for years and bullying in schools was one of the first manifestations. 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While Arthur may find his jokes to be funny, Sue Ellen feels as thoughRead MoreCyber Bullying is a Crime Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 PagesMost of us have heard the saying â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me†. With today’s technology, that saying may no longer hold true. Studies show that in the past five years, online bullying has quadrupled (M. Ross, 3). The technology has given bullies a whole another proposal for their actions; virtual name-calling can have harsh effects on the security of kids and teens in today’s society. An online bully is someone who sends messages via technology, hides behindRead MoreBullying Is A Big Problem982 Words   |  4 PagesBullying Lynette Mather stated that, â€Å"What if the kid you bullied at school grew up, and turned out to be the only surgeon who could save your life?† This quote really spoke to me because it holds a lot of truth in it being that bullying or being bullied sticks with you forever whether or not you apologized for what you did back in your school days or not, those words and actions scar people forever and it is something that will remain with them for the rest of their lives. We are often blind toRead MoreCyber Bullying Essay884 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying has increased over the past few years. Every bully has their own motive and reason behind their actions. Bullying could either be a short term or long term event. There are different ways a person can be bullied. Through social media, texting/phone, in person, blackmail, in and out of the classroom. The victim can be hurt physically, emotionally, and mentally. The pain someone faces from being bullied often stays with them their whole life. Closing the Racial Discipline Gap in ClassroomsRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Society1060 Words   |  5 Pagesis bullying? Google’s online dictionary defines bullying as using superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Many define bullying as physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically degrading another living being. Bullying has become a growing issue around the world. The act of bullying can begin with a small eye roll, but within a short period of time it can escalate to abuse. Bullying is an issue that cannot be taken lightlyRead MoreResearch Paper Bullying1634 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies to Prevent Bullying One in five children between the ages of ten and eighteen, have been bullied both inside and outside of school. Government officials, and school administrators, are taking strides to prevent the act of bullying. Laws and anti-bully programs are being passed all over the United States to stop the bullying epidemic. There are bullies all over, torturing children for things such as appearance, sexual orientation, race, personality and much more. Due to these bullies, childrenRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Children1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bullying is considered to be aggressive behavior that is repeated or has the potential to be repeated, over a period of time. The actions of bullying can include spreading rumors, making threats, verbally or physically attacking someone, or purposely isolating someone from a group. As children attempt to make sense of traumatic events, new behavioral problems can stem from re-experienced occurrences. Some children affected may disassociate themselves from the situations and absorb themselves

A Rose For Emily By William Golding - 1207 Words

Throughout many stories, they all have one main subject in common. They all use symbolization to gain the attention of the audience. In the novel, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† has many different types of symbolizations throughout the novel. There are many different reasons why authors’ use symbolization. Symbolization can be defined as an item that has meaning behind the visual meaning. The item might represent heart break, death, or even love. There is more meaning hidden behind the image that has been expressed. Symbolism can be used in different forms. Usually, it is an item that is representing another to give it a completely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant than it suspects to have. However, many symbol’s†¦show more content†¦After her father’s death Emily was unable to get gentlemen’s attention. It was too late for her to start her own life. Then Homer Barron came into town and Emily fell in love. Her and Homer started to have an intimate relationship. Miss Emily, bought arsenic and killed Homer. The town’s people started to get subspecies because Homer Barron disappeared. The town’s people suspects that Miss Emily has a part in the disappearance of Homer. In conclusion, there was a horrible, disgusting smell that was coming from Miss Emily’s house that caught the town’s peoples’ attention. They found Miss Emily’s body dead, also she died before the town’s people were able to get the taxes that Miss Emily owed. When they open one of the doors to a room, they found the remaining’s of Homer Barron on the bed. One the other side of the bed there was a lump like someone was sleeping there, and they found a grey hair which belonged to Miss Emily on the pillow next to the corpse. Section Two: Symbolization (Rose) One main symbolization in the novel â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† is the rose. Throughout the entire story it never mentions an actual rose for Emily, however, the title of the novel is a huge symbolic. The rose corresponds to the significance of love since

Breastfeeding Is Accepted Globally As One of the Cornerstones

Question: Breastfeeding Is Accepted Globally As One Of The Cornerstones? Answer: Introduction Breastfeeding is accepted globally as one of the cornerstones of postnatal child health and development (Kuhn et al., 2007). There is convincing testimony that breastfeeding is preventive of a myriad health challenges (Kornides Kitsantas, 2013; McDowell, Wang Kennedy-Stephenson, 2008). Various policy documents have been published governments and non-governmental organizations to promote exclusive breastfeeding and after that to breastfeed together with complementary feeding up to two years. One such document is policy directive from the Australian Government titled Breastfeeding in NSW: Promotion, Protection, and Support. The policy was drafted to serve two purposes within the NSW region. The first purpose is to provide a framework targeted at initiating, sponsoring and protecting, safeguarding and upholding breastfeeding. The second purpose is to clarify the duties and responsibilities necessary for coordination of breastfeeding in NSW Healthcare system. The policy also outlines the mandatory requirements necessary to ensure breastfeeding across specific key areas triumphs. There is a section outlining actions that must be undertaken to ensure that every mandatory requirement is met. Assigning various departments, groups or individuals is easier for implementers to guarantee that the policy is effected wholly. Monitoring and surveillance are one of the mandatory requirements of the policy. Without a carefully coordinated monitoring and surveillance plan, it is difficult to keep track of statistics related exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding and more importantly the areas requiring improvement or even resources (DUrso, 2006; Chapman Prez-Escamilla, 2009). In the wisdom of the drafters of the policy, they saw it fit to provide for the use of WHO standards parameters coupled with nationally recognized breastfeeding terminologies. This is crucial in ensuring the accuracy of the data as well as allow for comparisons with other regions. Monitoring and surveillance have six sections that can be distributed to various agencies or individuals for execution. For example, developing a breastfeeding dashboard indicator can be tasked to a few individuals and piloted in various facilities to determine its workability before it is rolled out nationally. In order to realize the full potential of breastfeeding, the policy advocates for the training of healthcare professionals. Healthcare personnel play a fundamental responsibility in delivering health education and support critical in supporting postnatal growth and development of children (Ekstrm, Kylberg Nissen, 2012). It is only through continuous education that updated and relevant knowledge can be passed to the pregnant and lactating women. Healthcare professionals who are adequately trained are confident at their jobs. It has also been proven to be instrumental in addressing barriers related to initiation and maintenance of successful breastfeeding. Training may involve merging of experience and research with peer support group (Hannula, Kaunonen Tarkka, 2008). Some actions have been outlined in the policy to be key to supporting training of healthcare personnel. One such action is the provision of education related to Baby Friendly Hospital Initiatives (BFHI). BFHI is a conce pt that outlines steps that a maternity healthcare facility has to follow to ensure successful initiation and continuity of breastfeeding in the initial six post natal and after that up to around twenty four months. It is a relatively new concept thus requiring training to ensure healthcare professionals are BFHI savvy (Zareai, O'Brien Fallon, 2007). The policys inclusion of breastfeeding friendly environment including workplaces as a priority area is an adequate demonstration of its depth. Exclusive breastfeeding, which needs to last for the first six months of life, has proven to be challenging for the working women. The duration of paid leave of 126 days in Australia falls short of the first six months life by 8 weeks (Whitehouse et al., 2006; Pincombe et al., 2008; Hewitt, Strazdins Martin, 2017). The policy explicitly advocates for breastfeeding friendly working environments. The benefits that can be ripped from such an undertaking can have far-reaching implications for both the employee and employer. To the employer, breastfeeding friendly environments can be instrumental in ensuring workforce retention and reducing absenteeism and employee turnover. To the employee, a calm and friendly environment translates to reduced stress and adequate care for the growing child. Of the many supportive actions outlined, participating i n talks about ABA Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation of all Local Health Districts is instrumental to ensuring that employers take part in the noble course with full knowledge. Reason for choosing policy Advocating for monitoring and surveillance, training of healthcare professionals and inclusion breastfeeding friendly environment and many other mandatory requirements makes the policy an appealing document to analyze. I chose this policy because of immense potential in impacting lives positively, both in the short and long terms. I have a keen interest in studying its implementation at the facility level and document any challenges unique to facilities and how they are being addressed. Policy Summary In summary, the policy aims at promoting, protecting and supporting frameworks to form the basis for ensuring breastfeeding, where possible, is not interrupted. The primary aims center on a number of mandatory requirements, with each split to actions that needed to be done by the Department and Local Health Districts not later than 2015. The actions can be split into executable activities during the implantation stage. Understanding of policy issues Childcare touches everyones live both directly and indirectly. When childcare practices (including breastfeeding) are carried out properly, there can be far-reaching implications. It is difficult for individuals to establish a linkage between simple actions such as proper breastfeeding to legal, economic, social and political goings on around the world. In this section, we shall explore the legal, economic, social and political implications of the policy in the Australian and even the global context. Political Context National budgetary allocations are influenced by political decisions ad prioritization. The policy provides a framework to ease implementation glitches at the national level within the context of the national level. There are many other parameters and documents that were taken into consideration as potential supporters of the current policy including BFHI, Maternal Health and Infant service and Aborigines and Health seeking behaviors among others. All these parameters have an attachment to the national and global politics in various ways. The evidence that public health interventions require high-level support is overwhelming. It means that without the support of the political leadership, leadership within the healthcare and throughout the chain of command to the lowest unit of organization, the policy is just another piece of paper. From the topmost leadership to the implementing healthcare professionals on the ground is a long list of stakeholders who make various decisions and even implement them; this requires collaboration, cooperation and complementation in various capacities. The policy puts emphasis collaboration between NSW Health and stakeholders with similar goals. Economic Context Breastfeeding can have tremendous economic implications to the infant, mother, and society at large. Studies indicate that breastfed infants thrive both physically and mentally into adulthood. In addition, there are reduced instances of childhood illnesses among breastfed infants. The milk if free and therefore the mother does not need to pay to feed the infant. Other benefits related to breastfeeding include prolonged postpartum anovulation, reduces maternal stress, reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases to the mother. Medical treatment of such diseases cost a lot of money. To the society, having a physically and mentally stable workforce translates to high output per an employee. Despite these benefits, the policy is not clear on how to educate society about all these benefits to ensure each stakeholders efforts, no matter how infinitesimal, is harnessed. Nonetheless, there is dotted compensation of economic of the economic context of the policy by talking about BFHI an d support from the highest level of governance. With BFHI in place, mothers can be more relaxed impacting on employee turnover positively. BFHI has also been implicated in retaining of talent and boosting employee morale. Legal Context The global business environment presented challenges that needed to be addressed legally (Aguayo, Ross, Kanon Ouedraogo, 2003). NSW Health is under the obligation of the law to comply with the World Health Organisations ethics on Global Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (BMS). The policy stipulates an avenue that can support staff to notify the advisory committee of any breaches by the manufacturers and any dealers of BMS. NSW Health created a complaint form that can be filled and mailed to the advisory panel. In addition, the NSW Health provides guidelines for the healthcare practitioners to follow when launching a complaint against all BMS handlers; from manufacturing to selling. Social Context The policy recognizes the need social support to ensure that the policy meets its goals. The community plays an integral role in shaping peoples perception and flow and interpretation of information. For that reason, the NSW Breastfeeding policy sought to offer adequate support to breastfeeding mothers with regards to lessening the intricacies related to access and referrals from and from maternity, neonatal and pediatric health services at the community level. Some of key areas of interest include support from professionals, peer support groups and creation and maintaining social networks that promote cohesiveness between pregnant and/or lactating mothers. Appointing peer counselors who work in collaboration professionals is a sure way promoting breastfeeding and addressing any challenges. The policy also recognizes the changing technological environment. As such, it creators were keen on advocating for use technology to pass messages along. This is particularly important for young mothers. They digital platform provides an ease means of forth and back communication. A mother experiencing any challenges can post their messages and get guidance from more experienced peers. Critical discussion and analysis Objectives and goals As discussed under economic context, the policy is not very elaborate the role the employer may have to perform to ensure that policy succeeds with regards to ensuring a friendly breastfeeding working environment. To ensure that happens, the following objectives have been set: To train employers on breastfeeding friendly work place requirement and benefits accrued. To lessen the Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation process by half the time taken. To advocate for incentives for employers who implement breastfeeding friendly and baby friendly protocols. Identification of decision parameters Realization of the outlined objectives requires three markers including resources, timeframes, and accurate prioritization. Some of the most critical resources required include capital, personnel, space and time. Availing all these resources from the start is critical to the success of the whole process once set in motion. Capital is essential during training, hastening the Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation and offering incentives to the employers. Organizing for training may include preparation of training materials, hiring of training and making reconnaissance visits, to mention just but a few, require money. The government will be a contributor. Other stakeholders with similar goals can also chip in for support. Hastening the process of Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation may require frequent and hastened visits to companies seeking installation breastfeeding friendly facilities. The Work-Life Grant set aside is hardly enough. In addition is too general. It covers a wide range of issues from disability to breastfeeding friendly workplace initiatives. Having a breastfeeding support grant will expedite many of the steps known to stall. Having adequate and well-trained workforce on breastfeeding skills is important for the overall realizing of the set objectives. Trainers well versed with workplace breastfeeding can be able to convince an employer that installing such gadgets is a strategic step towards enhancing company performance. Employers will need to be versed with creating an extra conducive room fitted with furniture and a means of refrigerating the milk. The room should provide adequate privacy. Ideally, an electric outlet and sink will be required for hand washing before and after expressing. The employer will need to be taught how long breastfeeding or expressing milk may take so as to allow mothers to take 2-3 breaks of 15-30 minutes per day. Without a timeframe, the realization of the set objectives is likely to prove difficult. To ensure this happens, the following time frames have been set: Table One: Timeframe Objective Timeframe To train employers on breastfeeding friendly workplace requirement and benefits accrued. 2017-2022 To lessen the Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation process by half the time taken. 2017-2018 To advocate for incentives for employers who implement breastfeeding friendly and baby friendly protocols. 2017-2019. Prioritization is an important element to ensure all activities are coordinated smoothly. Preliminary activities will take precedence to lay the groundwork for objectives listed. The second objective will become the priority to ensure that the employers are well versed with workplace support needed to support breastfeeding. The procedure may involve a tour to various companies applying for the exercise to gauge the complexity of their management. Small companies will be advised to elect project leaders who will serve as contact persons for future follow ups on the progress of the process. Huge companies may need to hire consultancy services to evaluate the requirements necessary to set up rooms and gadgets required for the exercise. Compared to the first and third objectives, the first objective spans for a relatively shorter period, that is 2017 to 2018. The third objective which seeks to provide employers with incentives will come second. This objective seeks to ensure many employe rs get enticed to roll out the program in their workplace. As the third objective is taking speed, the first objective will be set in motion. Some of the potential contributors to the Work-Life Grant would be employers themselves. Alternatives Breast milk is an ideal food there can be for an infant. However, once in a while, breastfeeding may not be possible due to various reasons (Aguayo, Ross, Kanon Ouedraogo, 2003). Various companies such as Nestle specialize in producing breast milk substitutes. Time and again, such companies have found in awkward positions putting profits before customers. Their notoriety for excessive marketing in yesteryears cannot go unnoticed (Brady, 2012). Before the introduction International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, the companies had almost managed to convince everyone that MBS were superior to breastmilk in term of nutrient composition (World Health Organization, 2013). However, this has long been disputed with scientific studies that have proven than breast milk has antibodies that BMS cannot provide. In addition to the physical benefits of milk to the infants, breast milk also confers psychological benefits. In circumstances where breastfeeding has proven impossible, BM S is next possible idea meal for an infant. Preparation of BMS requires keenness and high hygienic standards that are hard to maintain (World Health Organization, 2010). The other alternative available to nursing mothers is buying of already human expressed milk. It is a new concept that has taken the world by surprise. Some women can produce more milk than infant may require. They have a decision to make about the extra milk. Some opt to express and store and some discard (Akre, Gribble Minchin, 2011). With the help of the internet, it has become a common phenomenon to find women asking what to do with the extra milk (Weber et al., 2011). Slowly but surely, the idea of selling the surplus is gaining popularity. However, one of the biggest challenges of the online platform is that it is unregulated. There are multiple websites currently dedicated to facilitating the trade. However, the FDA warns against feeding a child directly milk acquired from another source other than the mother of the child. Such milk comes with high risks of the child contracting viruses such as HIV and cytomegalovirus (CMV (Keim et al., 2013). Some countries have established milk banking system with similar workings as blood banks; an example is Human Milk Banking Association of North America. It has fully installed systems of that are instrumental in screening for infections and usage of elaborate lifestyle questionnaires to determine the suitability of the milk (Geraghty, Heier Rasmussen, 2011). Conclusion Breastfeeding certainly remains unparalleled as the most suitable mode of infant feeding. The option of BMS and buying of human milk cannot, however, go unnoticed. However, the Breastfeeding in NSW: Promotion, Protection, and Support does not provide offer guidance on how society can deal with these new occurrences. Purchasing of already expressed human milk presents new challenges. The quality of the human milk purchased online is difficult to determine in terms of microbial contamination. In addition, one is left wondering if a child who feeds on purchased human milk in the six months postnatal should be considered to have been exclusively breastfed. To address the challenges posed, we recommend that the policy be revised taking into account new challenges. References Aguayo, V. M., Ross, J. S., Kanon, S., Ouedraogo, A. N. (2003). Monitoring compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in west Africa: multisite cross sectional survey in Togo and Burkina Faso. Bmj, 326(7381), 127 Akre, J. E., Gribble, K. D., Minchin, M. (2011). Milk sharing: from private practice to public pursuit. International breastfeeding journal, 6(1), 8. Brady, J. P. (2012). Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world. Archives of disease in childhood, 97(6), 529-532. Chapman, D. J., Prez-Escamilla, R. (2009). US national breastfeeding monitoring and surveillance: current status and recommendations. Journal of Human Lactation, 25(2), 139-150. DUrso, S. C. (2006). Whos watching us at work? Toward a structuralperceptual model of electronic monitoring and surveillance in organizations. Communication Theory, 16(3), 281-303 Ekstrm, A., Kylberg, E., Nissen, E. (2012). A process-oriented breastfeeding training program for healthcare professionals to promote breastfeeding: an intervention study. Breastfeeding Medicine, 7(2), 85-92. Geraghty, S. R., Heier, J. E., Rasmussen, K. M. (2011). Got milk? Sharing human milk via the Internet. Public Health Reports, 126(2), 161-164. Hannula, L., Kaunonen, M., Tarkka, M. T. (2008). A systematic review of professional support interventions for breastfeeding. Journal of clinical nursing, 17(9), 1132-1143. Hewitt, B., Strazdins, L., Martin, B. (2017). The benefits of paid maternity leave for mothers post-partum health and wellbeing: Evidence from an Australian evaluation. Social Science Medicine. Keim, S. A., Hogan, J. S., McNamara, K. A., Gudimetla, V., Dillon, C. E., Kwiek, J. J., Geraghty, S. R. (2013). Microbial contamination of human milk purchased via the Internet. Pediatrics, 132(5), e1227-e1235. Kornides, M., Kitsantas, P. (2013). Evaluation of breastfeeding promotion, support, and knowledge of benefits on breastfeeding outcomes. Journal of Child Health Care, 17(3), 264-273 Kuhn, L., Sinkala, M., Kankasa, C., Semrau, K., Kasonde, P., Scott, N., ... Aldrovandi, G. M. (2007). High uptake of exclusive breastfeeding and reduced early post-natal HIV transmission. PloS one, 2(12), e1363. McDowell, M. M., Wang, C. Y., Kennedy-Stephenson, J. (2008). Breastfeeding in the United States: findings from the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1999-2006. NewYork: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Pincombe, J., Baghurst, P., Antoniou, G., Peat, B., Henderson, A., Reddin, E. (2008). Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative practices and breast feeding duration in a cohort of first-time mothers in Adelaide, Australia. Midwifery, 24(1), 55-61. Weber, D., Janson, A., Nolan, M., Wen, L. M., Rissel, C. (2011). Female employees' perceptions of organisational support for breastfeeding at work: findings from an Australian health service workplace. International breastfeeding journal, 6(1), 19. Whitehouse, G., Baird, M., Diamond, C., Hosking, A. (2006). The parental leave in Australia survey: November 2006 report. World Health Organization. (2010). International code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes. 1981. World Health Organization: Geneva. World Health Organization. (2013). Country implementation of the international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes: status report 2011. Zareai, M., O'Brien, M. L., Fallon, A. B. (2007). Creating a breastfeeding culture: a comparison of breastfeeding practises in Australia and Iran. Breastfeeding Review, 14(2), 15-24.

Martial Arts Experience - Med School Sample Essay

Note: This essay appears unedited for instructional purposes. Essays edited by are dramatically improved.Martial arts and medicine. They seem worlds apart, but they both have played significant roles in my life and for reasons that are surprisingly similar. They both offer challenge, require great discipline, and necessitate a goal-oriented approach.I first became involved with the martial arts when I was only 13 years old. At that time I began studying karate in my hometown in northern California. Even then I was a goal-oriented individual who was attracted to the step-by-step progression involved in studying karate. Within a year I had earned a brown belt (the next-to-highest ranking) and was actually serving as an instructor at the karate academy where I had learned the sport. Dedication, discipline, and physical and mental prowess were behind my success, which included being the youngest person in the area to attain the brown belt.In college I became involved in Tae Kwon Do, whi ch is the Korean counterpart of karate. This sport, too, requires patience, determination, and a clear mind in addition to physical strength, endurance, and agility. Within a year I had become president of my universitys 80-member Tae Kwon Do club, which ranks among the top sports clubs on campus. In assuming this position I began to have the opportunity to test myself as a leader as well as an athlete.One of the reasons I became interested in medicine is that it, too, requires a meticulous, goal-oriented approach that is very demanding. Of course, it also happens that the substance of the profession holds strong appeal for me, both in terms of the science and the potential for serving others who are in need.Most of my exposure to the profession has occurred within the areas of surgery and emergency medicine. After first serving as an emergency medicine volunteer technician at a northern California hospital (where I had a moving experience with a young girls death), I acquired the E MT-1A/CPR certifications and then worked as an Emergency Medical Technician-1A during a subsequent summer. This job was a fascinating, educational, and high-pressure experience that exposed me to the realities of medicine as practiced in crisis situations.My extensive involvement with cardio thoracic surgery research over the last three years, first as a volunteer technician and currently as a staff research technician, has further fueled my desire to become a physician. I have had to rely upon my own ingenuity and problem solving skills as well as what I have learned in the classroom, and this has been exciting. One of the more unusual aspects of my work has involved me directly in the procedure of heterotopic heart transplantation in rats. This precise and technically demanding procedure encompasses microsurgery and usually is conducted only by residents. In fact, I am the only undergraduate student doing this procedure, which has shown me the extent of both my manual dexterity an d capacity for learning sophisticated techniques.I have been fortunate enough to have had the opportunity to participate and contribute in almost every way during experiments, from administering anesthesia and performing extensive surgical preparations to analyzing the data obtained and operating monitoring and recording equipment, ventilators, and the heart-lung machine.I am a somewhat shy individual, but I have found that within the medical environment that shyness evaporates. The opportunity to help others one-on-one is so rewarding and comfortable for me that I feel very much at ease, regardless of with whom I am working. I think one of the particularly attractive aspects of medicine for me, especially within such specialties as internal medicine and obstetrics/gynecology, is the potential for forming close, lasting, meaningful relationships with a wide array of patients.For me, medicine emerges as the perfect avenue for indulging my impulses to contribute, to be involved with s cience, and to establish important links with others at both critical and noncritical moments in their lives.

harmful) in Business Climate

Californias Environmental Policies (helpful/harmful) in Business Climate The impact of Californias Environmental Policies in the business climate has aroused an unending debate on whether it will result in positive or negative effects. Despite the conflicting arguments, the state’s authority has continued to push forward unabated to effect the policies. The clamor for even more aggressive environmental regulations is ongoing. The regulations are affecting all spheres of California’s livelihood.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Californias Environmental Policies (helpful/harmful) in Business Climate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive Impact California has defied the national environmental trend with her sophisticated approach to environmental management. The policy aims at cutting greenhouse emissions. This will encourage technological innovation and efficient consumption and generation of energy. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has adopted an economy-wide ca p-and-trade program. This program, drafted by professional environmentalists and other stakeholders, aims at reducing the overall state’s greenhouse gas emissions. The implementation of the clean energy law, AB32, will boost green business industry. The environmental policy is a positive signal to business in the state as it shows the authority’s commitment to promote clean energy and bring efficiency in the energy sector. The leadership role taken by the state in adopting clean technology has had a positive economic impact. California State is leading in venture capital financing to promote the use of clean energy. The state received over half a billion dollars in investments towards the end of last year. Positive prospects have been predicted for investments in California once the law is fully implemented. This can be attributed to the state’s resolve to embrace a clean energy economy (Davoudi, Crawford Mehmood, p. 128). Using Clean Energy The business enviro nment is set to reap benefits from the requirement by the law that all premises within the state invest in clean energy. This will see use of wind and solar energy. This will not only increase efficiency, but also reduce cost of production. The ultimate benefits will thus reach the business and consumers. Use of clean fuels and upgraded efficiency standards will encourage business stability. This is because businesses that pollute the environment by emitting dirty fossil fuels will be penalized for the equivalent deleterious impact on the environment. Such a measure will see many businesses opt for the clean energy. In turn, this will encourage innovativeness as firms adopt energy efficient- environmental friendly systems that do not compromise on profitability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The California environmental law has been designed elaborately to minim ize any chances of market abuse. This is by adopting measures that discourage market gaming or any other form of manipulations. Borrowing from past experiences that saw the emergence of new tendencies of market exchanges such as the 2008 incidence that birthed a housing crisis across the nation, CARB has made the program transparent and highly liquid. With the adoption of further recommendations from the Emmett Center on Climate Change, California is set to become America’s, as well as the world’s leader in clean technologies. Investing in such innovations will create a new platform for cutting edge business ventures in the state. The initial success registered so far only goes to indicate that sound environmental policies do not necessarily kill business. The success story of California may lead the way for other states in America and the world at large. The overall impact will be a clean world coupled with smart businesses (Davoudi, Crawford Mehmood, p. 129). The Do wn Side The California environmental policy could have a negative impact on the business climate. The restriction the law imposes on exploitation of oil reserves for instance discourages local drilling of oil. The stringent laws governing the drilling of oil have seen many investors relocate to other places. On the other hand, those investors who continue drilling have to fulfill many requirements set by the authorities. The reduced rate of drilling has negatively affected business. This is because America continues to rely on expensive foreign procured oil. The regulations on air pollution may have resulted in clean air within California. Unfortunately, this has been achieved by the leading emitters of air pollutants relocating to adjacent states of Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico. This translates into clean air within California but not in America and the world as a whole (Fulton, para 7). The claim to adopt clean energy systems by the local firms and homes means overhauling the syste ms currently in use. Reduction of air pollution requires installing scrubbers, using wind, and solar energy requires installation of turbines and solar panels and other related installations. Overall, this is a capital intensive venture. The resultant increased cost is forwarded to the final consumer negatively affecting their economic wellbeing (Fulton, para 9). Conclusion and Recommendations It is agreeable that environmental management and sustainable development is necessary for the world to overcome the looming threat of global warming. Many events directly linked to the impact of environmental degradation have been witnessed. The plan by California to adopt an ambitious climate policy to reduce greenhouse gas emission is one such step.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Californias Environmental Policies (helpful/harmful) in Business Climate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state has crafted laws that have g rave impacts on economic, as well as environmental status. The comprehensive policy aims to among others encourage use of clean energy such as solar and wind energy. It also aims at using ecofriendly strategies in running businesses. The benefits are numerous since apart from a clean environment, the law will encourage innovativeness. However, the law is not without pitfalls as experts warn that its way of implementation could negatively affect the business climate. The demand to invest in new energy systems and pollution reduction strategies is a capital intensive venture that could have far reaching economic impact. One of these effects would be the high cost of production and efficiency breakdown since energy sources that rely on nature do not guarantee efficiency. Overall, the plan is beneficial but would be more fruitful if the government adopts a policy that allows the private sector to adopt the green technology. Rushing the process will only result in firms adopting technolo gies that may compromise on efficiency or which may not be greener. The law may strictly set standards on the green technology to adopt. However, consideration should be put in place to ensure that green capital investments have a long payback period. The state should initiate low cost financing programs to encourage quick adoption of the new technologies especially by firms experiencing financial constraints. This is a part from formulating and implementing the strict environmental law. The enforcement of energy consumption reduction by relying on solar and wind energy may negatively affect efficiency. As such, the state should encourage gradual adoption of alternative energy sources while discouraging the use of conventional energy sources such as hydro and fuel based. This will over time transform California’s economic status while protecting the environment. Davoudi, Simin, Jenny Crawford Abid Mehmood. Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptatio n for Spatial Planners. London: Earthscan, 2009. Print. Fulton, William. Do Environmental Regulations Hurt the Economy? 2010. Web. https://www.governing.com/columns/transportation-and-infrastructure/Do-Environmental-Regulations-Hurt.htmlAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Reflective Journal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective Journal - Research Proposal Example Writing short passages are essential, these are permanent records, preplanned, and arranged systematically. Writers should be aware of the audience and the purpose of writing, as different texts contain particular structures (the way it is organized and its contents or elements Concept of register in writing: Our knowledge of register, a variety of language fitting a particular context, tells us the difference in context the language fits. A particular genre draws on the linguistic resources of the appropriate register or a register helps us to clarify the relationship between individuals, and identifies the tone of the communication both in writing and speaking.. Major genre groups are Narrative/story genres are (recounts, anecdote, new story, biography/autobiography, myth legend, fable, etc.) transactional genres (service/goods transaction, written, consultation, interview, and others) procedural genres instructions, directions, recipe, process explanation, etc.), factual genres(description, report, explanation, etc.), persuasive genres (argument, advertisement/feature article, discussion, appraisal/evaluation) IN TESOL a mistake is a specific case where a known rule is broken by a native speaker. Whereas, an error is a regular and systematic occurrence which indicate that a particular rule is not known or available for use. For making the learner error free in punctuations, structure, and grammar, TESOL teachers should keep conventional tools handy, and experiment with more conclusive strategies. pedagogic aspects (form, function, concept, likely error etc) of the verb phrase in English including: o modal verbs (for obligation, permission, deduction, ability etc) Model verbs are a complex area of English, and different modals can have similar meanings (e.g must and have to) or different meanings (eg. You must study and that must be nice). Modals are auxiliary verbs, such as should, must, can, etc., that indicate speaker's attitude towards rest of the sentence. The auxiliary verb may express certainty, probability, or possibility, and usually have a present and past form. Modal verbs and their forms in the past, namely will, must, should, may might, could are used to express obligations, permission, deduction, ability, etc. o future tenses Future tense, with different forms, are used to express what is intended for the future, and a particular future form may express different concepts in different situations. Future forms include: will + infinitive, going to + infinitive, present continuous, present simple, future perfect, and future continuous o hypothetical forms (conditionals etc) Using simple, present, simple past, past simple or past perfect form of the verb in a sentence indicate a hypothetical

Reflection paper about Service learning project Essay

Reflection paper about Service learning project - Essay Example My main responsibility at the center was to teach the Arabic language for non-Arabic speakers. I taught the children how to write on Arabic and make the correct pronunciation. I am actually a substitute teacher but aside from teaching, I also volunteered to clean the MCC. I worked at the center twice a week with four hours shift every time. My immediate supervisor is Mr. Mohammed Safder who provided me with all the assistance I needed. Actually, the whole learning experience did not teach me new knowledge since I am the one imparting skills and knowledge to my students. However, it has been a fulfilling program because I felt personally enriched with my interaction with the students. I discovered that I really enjoy teaching kids and I should pursue this interest. If I want to become successful, it is not enough to know my strengths and limitations; rather, I must also develop more skills in teaching kids such as motivating them to study. It is also worthwhile to experience the enthu siasm shown by non-Arabic speakers when they are learning the language. This further pushed me to give my best as I carefully planned the lessons I would present in class. On a personal level, I believe that my self-confidence has been enhanced and that one should not let obstacles overcome them.

A Preprocessing Framework for Underwater Image Denoising Essay Example for Free

A Preprocessing Framework for Underwater Image Denoising Essay Abstract A major obstacle to underwater operations using cameras comes from the light absorption and scattering by the marine environment, which limits the visibility distance up to a few meters in coastal waters. The preprocessing methods concentrate on contrast equalization to deal with nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. Some adaptive smoothing methods like anisotropic filtering as a lengthy computation time and the fact that diffusion constants must be manually tuned, wavelet filtering is faster and automatic. An adaptive smoothing method helps to address the remaining sources of noise and can significantly improve edge detection. In the proposed approach, wavelet filtering method is used in which the diffusion constant is tuned automatically. Keywords: underwater image, preprocessing, edge detection, wavelet filtering, denoising. I. INTRODUCTION The underwater images usually suffers from non-uniform lighting, low contrast, blur and diminished colors. A few problems pertaining to underwater images are light absorption and the inherent structure of the sea, and also the effects of colour in underwater images. Reflection of the light varies greatly depending on the structure of the sea. Another main concern is related to the water that bends the light either to make crinkle patterns or to diffuse it. Most importantly, the quality of the water controls and influences the filtering properties of the water such as sprinkle of the dust in water. The reflected amount of light  is partly polarised horizontally and partly enters the water vertically. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. Forward scattering generally leads to blur of the image features, backscattering generally limits the contrast of the images. The amount of light is reduced wh en we go deeper, colors drop off depending on their wavelengths. The blue color travels across the longest in the water due to its shortest  wavelength. Current preprocessing methods typically only concentrate on local contrast equalization in order to deal with the nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. II. UNDERWATER DEGRADATION A major difficulty to process underwater images comes from light attenuation. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance, at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. The light attenuation process is caused by the absorption (which removes light energy) and scattering (which changes the direction of light path). Absorption and scattering effects are due to the water itself and to other components such as dissolved organic matter or small observable floating particles. Dealing with this difficulty, underwater imaging faces to many problems: first the rapid attenuation of light requires attaching a light source to the vehicle providing the necessary lighting. Unfortunately, artificial lights tend to illuminate the scene in a non uniform fashion producing a bright spot in the center of the image and poorly illuminated area surrounding. Then the distance between the camera and the scene usually induced prominent blue or green color (the wavelength corresponding to the red color disappears in only few meters). Then, the floating particles highly variable in kind and concentration, increase absorption and scattering effects: they blur image features (forward scattering), modify colors and produce bright artifacts known as â€Å"marine snow†. At last the non stability of the  underwater vehicle affects once again image  contrast. To test the accuracy of the preprocessing algorithms, three steps are followed. 1) First an original image is converted into grayscale image. 2)  Second salt and pepper noise added to the grayscale image. 3) Third wavelet filtering is applied to denoise the image. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which in the context of computer imaging are images with only the two colors, black, and white. Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color (chrome). Grayscale images are often the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel in a single band of the electromagnetic spectrum and in such cases they are monochromatic proper when only a given frequency is captured. Salt and pepper noise is a form of noise typically seen on images. It represents itself as randomly occurring white and black  pixels. An image containing salt-and-pepper noise will have dark pixels in bright regions and bright pixels in dark regions. This type of noise can be caused by analog-to-digital converter errors, bit errors in transmission. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. III. A PREPROCESSING ALGORITHM The algorithm proposed corrects each underwater perturbations sequentially.  addressed in the algorithm. However, contrast equalization also corrects the effect of the exponential light attenuation with distance. B. Bilateral Filtering Bilateral filtering smooth the images while preserving edges by means of a nonlinear combination of nearby image values. The idea underlying bilateral filtering is to do in the range of an image what traditional filters do in its domain. Two pixels can close to one another, occupy nearby spatial location (i.e) have nearby values. Closeness refers to vicinity in the domain, similarity to vicinity in the range. Traditional filtering is a domain filtering, and enforces closeness by weighing pixel values with coefficients that fall off with distance. The range filtering, this averages image values with weights that decay with dissimilarity. Range filters are nonlinear because their weights depend on image intensity or color. Computationally, they are no more complex than standard nonseparable  filters. So the combination of both domain and range filtering is known as bilateral filtering. A. Contrast equalization Contrast stretching often called normalization is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the contrast in an image by ‘stretching’ the range of intensity values. Many well-known techniques are known to help correcting the lighting disparities in underwater images. As the contrast is non uniform, a global color histogram equalization of the image will not suffice and local methods must be considered. Among all the methods they reviewed, Garcia, Nicosevici and Cufi [2] constated the empirical best results of the illuminationreflectance model on underwater images. The low-pass version of the image is typically computed with a Gaussian filter having a large standard deviation. This method is theoretically relevant backscattering, which is responsible for most of the contrast disparities, is indeed a slowly varying spatial function. Backscattering is the predominant noise, hence it is sensible for it to be the first noise Anisotropic filtering Anisotropic filter is used to smoothing the image. Anisotropic filtering allows us to simplify image features to improve image segmentation. This filter smooths the image in homogeneous area but preserves edges and enhance them. It is used to smooth textures and reduce artifacts by deleting small edges amplified by homomorphic filtering. This filter removes or attenuates unwanted artifacts and  remaining noise. The anisotropic diffusion algorithm is used to reduce noise and prepare the segmentation step. It allows to smooth image in homogeneous areas but it preserves and even enhances the edges in the image. Here the algorithm follow which is proposed by Perona and Malik [5]. This algorithm is automatic so it uses constant parameters selected manually. The previous step of wavelet filtering is very important to obtain good results with anisotropic filtering. It is the association of wavelet filtering and anisotropic filtering which gives such results. Anisotropic algorithm is  usually used as long as result is not satisfactory. In our case few times only loop set to constant value, to preserve a short computation time. For this denoising filter choose a nearly symmetric orthogonal wavelet bases with a bivariate shrinkage exploiting interscale dependency. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. Indeed wavelet coefficients in natural image have significant dependencies. Moreover the computation time is very short. IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND EVALUATION To estimate the quality of reconstructed image, Mean Squared Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio are calculated for the original and the reconstructed images. Performance of different filters are tested by calculating the PSNR and MSE values. The size of the images taken is 256256 pixels. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are the two error metrics used to compare image compression quality. The MSE represents the cumulative squared error between the compressed and the original image, whereas PSNR represents a measure of the peak error. The lower the value of MSE, the lower the error. In Table 1, the original and reconstructed images are shown. In table 2, PSNR and MSE values are calculated for all underwater images. PSNR value obtained for denoised images is higher, when compare with salt and pepper noise added images. MSE value obtained for the denoised images has lower the error when compared with salt and pepper noise added images. e D. Wavelet filtering Thresholding is a simple non-linear technique, which operates on one wavelet coefficient at a time. In its most basic form, each coefficient is thresholded by comparing against threshold, if the coefficient is smaller than threshold, set to zero; otherwise it is kept or modified. Replacing the small noisy coefficients by zero and inverse wavelet transform on the result may lead to reconstruction with the essential signal characteristics and with the less noise. A simple denoising algorithm that uses the wavelet transform consist of the following three steps, (1) calculate the wavelet  transform of the noisy image (2) Modify the noisy detail wavelet coefficients according to some rule (3) compute the inverse transform using the modified coefficients. Multiresolution decompositions have shown significant advantages in image denoising. best denoised image. In clearly, the comparisons of PSNR and MSE values are shown in Fig -1a and Fig -1b. V. CONCLUSION In this paper a novel underwater preprocessing algorithm is present. This algorithm is automatic, requires no  parameter adjustment and no a priori knowledge of the acquisition conditions. This is because functions evaluate their parameters or use pre-adjusted defaults values. This algorithm is fast. Many adjustments can still be done to improve the whole pre-processing algorithms. Inverse filtering gives good results but generally requires a priori knowledge on the environment. Filtering used in this paper needs no parameters adjustment so it can be used systematically on underwater images before every pre-processing algorithms. REFERENCES [1] Arnold-Bos, J. P. Malkasse and Gilles Kervern,(2005) â€Å"Towards a model-free denoising of underwater optical image,† IEEE OCEANS 05 EUROPE,Vol.1, pp.234256. [2] Caefer, Charlene E.; Silverman, Jerry. Mooney,JonathanM,(2000) â€Å"Optimisation of point target tracking filters†. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., pages 15-25. [3] R. Garcia, T. Nicosevici, and X. Cufi. (2002) â€Å"On the way to solve lighting problems in underwater imaging†. In Proceedings of the IEEE Oceans 2002, pages 1018–1024. [4] James C. Church, Yixin Chen, and Stephen V., (2008) â€Å"A Spatial Median Filter for Noise Removal in Digital Images†, page(s):618 – 623. [45 Jenny Rajan and M.R Kaimal., (2006) â€Å"Image Denoising Using Wavelet Embedded anisotropic Diffusion†, Appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, page(s): 589 – 593. [6] Z. Liu, Y. Yu, K. Zhang, and H. Huang.,(2001) â€Å"Underwater image transmission and blurred image restoration†. SPIE Journal of Optical Engineering, 40(6):1125–1131. [7] P. Perona and J.Malik, (1990) â€Å"Scale space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion,† IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp.629-639. [8] Schechner, Y and Karpel, N., (2004) â€Å"Clear Underwater Vision†. Proceedings of the IEEE CVPR, Vol. 1, pp. 536-543. [9] Stephane Bazeille, Isabelle, Luc jaulin and Jean-Phillipe Malkasse, (2006) â€Å"Automatic Underwater image PreProcessing†, cmm’06 characterisation du milieu marine page(s): 16-19. [10] Yongjian Yu and Scott T. Acton, (2002) Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, page(s): 1260-1270, No. 11, Vol.11.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers

How Hitler got into Power At the end of the war Germany underwent a rapid political restructuring. Following this transition from authoritarian monarchy to democratic republic, Weimar Germany immediately began to display weaknesses that it would ultimately never fix. Germany had to create a government that the Allies would be prepared to negotiate with, so Hindenburg ordered a government which had the support of the Reichstag. When Kaiser William II fled the country, Germany could still have remained a monarchy, as William's son was eligible for the throne. The Weimar Republic was not based on strong public convictions, which must, in part, explain its weakness. There were many flaws in thew Weimar Republic. Weimar had great problems gaining acceptance throughout Germany, too. The terribly harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles angered Germans, especially the military everywhere and many directed their resentment at the Weimar government who signed the Treaty. Defeat in a large-scale war always signals the beginning of a difficult period for a nation. Following World War I, Germany was virtually crushed by the harsh demands of the Treaty of Versailles. The German economy was weighed down heavily by the enormous reparations bill. Weimar governments struggled to meet the huge reparations payments and their failure to do so was the basis of further problems. One such event was the additional humiliation of the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923. The French took control of the coal mines and factories of the region, so the workers, following a policy of passive resistance, went on strike. The French employed their own men to work the area, whilst the German government committed to paying the wages of the striking workers. This was a very expensive exercise and, on top of that, Germany lost profits from industry in the Ruhr and actually had to spend money importing coal. These massive drains on the German economy caused inflation to soar to incredible levels, paralleling the dramatic drops in the value of the reichsmark. It is true that the Reichsbank printed more and more money to the point where over 44 trillion marks was in circulation. Some historians argue that the Weimar government did this deliberately, to devalue their currency, making it cheaper to pay reparations. The downside of this was that middle and working class Germans lost their savings and the value of their wages. For instance in November 1923, the cost of a loaf of bread in Berlin was about 201 billion marks!

What legal rights (if any) does Milesofpaper Ltd have in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment??

Introduction As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp entered into the contract with Milesofpaper Ltd before the incorporation of Wearboaters Ltd, it would appear that the contract was entered into under the partnership of Pleasure Boats & Co and thereby governed by the Partnership Act (PA) 1890. In order for a partnership to be created, there must be two or more persons that conduct business with a view to profit. Partnerships are defined under s. 1(1) PA 1890 as a â€Å"relation subsisting between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit†. Mr Frank and Mr Stamp had clearly entered into a partnership as they carried on business (pleasure boat building and repairing) with a view to profit; Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah[1]. Unlike companies, partnerships do not have a separate corporate personality and are instead regarded as a collection of individuals or persons.[2] This means that each partner is jointly liable, without limit, for the debts and obligations of the partnership incurred wh ile he or she is a partner (s. 9 PA 1890). Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will therefore both be personally liable for any debts the partnership incurred; M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid[3]. In considering whether Milesofpaper has any rights in respect of payment for the stationary and office equipment, it will need to be considered whether Mr Frank and Mr Stamp are personally liable the contact is capable of binding the partnership. Given that both partners entered into the contract with Milesofpaper, they will be deemed to have had actual authority to bind the firm. S. 5 PA 1890 states that every partner is an agent of the firm whose acts bind the firm and his partners, unless the partner acting had no authority to do so. Given that both Mr Frank and Mr Stamp would have the authority to enter into the contract with Milesofpaper, it is clear that their actions would have bound the firm. However, because the contract was entered into under the company’s name; Wearboaters Ltd, it is doubtful that this particular transaction will be binding against the partners. It is noted under s. 6 PA 1890 that an act relating to the business of the firm must be done in the firm name or any other manner to be binding on the firm and all its partners. Since the act relating to the business of the firm was done in the name of the new unincorporated company, it is unlikely that the partnership will be liable for the debt. Ye t, the individual who entered into the contract may be liable for the debt as their own private act[4]; Sangster v Biddulph[5]. Furthermore, even though Wearboaters Ltd has now been incorporated, Milesofpaper Ltd will not be able to enforce the pre-incorporated contract. The reason for this is that; â€Å"before incorporation, the company is not competent to enter into contract in its own name as it has no legal entity†[6]. As such, Wearboaters Ltd will not be capable of being sued for the pre-incorporation contract that was entered into between Mr Frank, Mr Stamp and Milesofpaper. In Re English & Colonial Product Co[7] it was held that a company was not liable to pay for services and expenses incurred by a solicitor pre-incorporation as the company was not in existence at the time when the expenses were incurred. In addition, it was also held in CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd[8] that a company has no status prior to its incorporation and can have no income or liability. As the company had not been incorporated, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be classed as ‘promoters’ who will have purported to enter into a contract by or on behalf of Wearboaters Ltd[9]. As promoters, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be personally liable unless the contract states otherwise (s. 51 Companies Act (CA) 2006). In Phonogram Ltd v Lane[10] it was held that a promoter of a company was personally liable to repay a deb t that was made on the company’s behalf under s. 51 CA 2006 (previously 2. 36 CA 1985) even though the claimant was unaware that the company was not in existence at the time the contract was entered into. Overall, it is likely that Milesofpaper will have a claim against Mr Frank and Mr Stamp in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment. What legal rights (if any) do Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have in respect to payment for compensation for the destroyed boats and equipment? Once a company has been incorporated, it is separate and distinct from its members as shown in Salomon v Salomon[11]. Here, it was made clear that a company shall be solely liable for any losses or mishaps that arise within the company. In accordance with this principle, a company has the capacity to enter into contracts and sue and be sued in its own name. If the company suffers a breach of contract, it is the company who will be able to sue on the contract for breach and thereby seek to take the appropriate remedial action[12]. As business assets are owned by the company, it is the company who is responsible for insuring them. Because Mr Frank had insured the assets of the business under the partnership, the assets that have been transferred to the company will no longer be insured. This is because Mr Frank does not have an insurable interest in the company’s assets and a new contract would need to have been entered into between the company and the insurer. This was identifi ed in Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd[13] where Macaura was the owner of a timber estate who took out an insurance policy in his own name. Most of the timber was destroyed by fire but Macaura could not claim for loss of goods as he did not have an insurable interest in the timber. It was held that a person cannot claim for loss of goods that are owned by another party. As the company owned the timber, Macaura could not make a claim. Since Wearboaters Ltd is the new owner of the assets, Mr Frank will not be able to make a claim as they no longer have an insurable interest in the assets. When the assets were transferred a new insurance policy should have been taken out in Wearboaters Ltd’s name. As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have failed to take out a new insurance policy, they will be deemed to have breached their directors’ duties and will be found personally liable for the loss that has been caused to the business. It cannot be said that Mr Frank and Mr Stamp were promoting the success of the company as required under s. 172 CA 2006 and will therefore be liable for any losses incurred; Re Duomatic[14]. This is an exception to the rule in Salomon that a company is separate and distinct from its members and thus allows the corporate veil to be lifted in certain circumstances. In addition, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp also breached their duty to â€Å"exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence† under s. 174 CA 2006 as shown in Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg[15]. Although the courts are generally reluctant to lift the corporate veil, they will do so when â€Å"common sense and reality demand it†[16] and when â€Å"there is a powerful argument of principle for lifting the corporate veil where the facts require it†[17]. It could be said that this is to apply in the instant situation as Mr Frank and Mr Stamp should have insured the assets of the business as they were the first directors of Wearboaters Ltd. The courts will only pierce the corporate veil in very limited circumstances, however, and if Mr Frank and Mr Stamp can demonstrate that there was no evidence of â€Å"fraud, illegality or a sham or if the company is a mere facade concealing the true facts† (ss. 213-215 of the Insolvency Act 1986, s. 993 CA 2006 and s. 15 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986), then it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable; Adams v Cape Industries plc[18]. As noted by Talbot; â€Å"veil piecing is not an end in itself but a means to an end†[19]. Therefore, unless the circumstances of the case give rise to fraud or a pre-existing obligation, the courts will be unlikely to pierce the veil in its entirety; Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC[20]. It has been said that the courts will â€Å"go to great lengths to avoid any obvious penetration of the corporate veil, whilst still making the sort of inquiries that would be satisfied by just such a process†[21]. T his prevents the doctrine from being completely undermined, whilst also protecting the public; Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd[22]. The veil will only be lifted in exceptional circumstances[23] so as to prevent individuals from being discouraged from investing in companies[24]. Overall, given that it Mr Frank and Mr Stamp appear to have made a genuine mistake in respect of the insurance, it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable. However, they will not be entitled to compensation for any loss suffered. Bibliography Text Books A Dignam and J Lowry. Company Law (Core Text Series). (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2012). D French. S Mason. and C Ryan. Mason, French & Ryan on Company Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). L Jones. Introduction to Business Law. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2013). L Talbot, L. Critical Company Law, (London: Routledge, 2007). P P S Gonga. A Text Book of Company Law., (London: Chand, 2002). Journal Articles S Ghaiwal, S. ‘Chandler v Cape plc: Is there a chink in the corporate veil?’ (2012) Health and Safety at Work Newsletter, vol 18, no 3, 487-499. V V Watcher. ‘The Corporate Veil’ (2007) New Law Journal, vol. 990, no. 7218, 22-27. Legislation Partnership Act 1890 Cases Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd (1996) 2 SCC 375 Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah [2001] All ER Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 322 M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid [2006] EWCA Civ 613 Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC [2006] UKHL 4 Phonogram Ltd v Lane (1982) QB 938 Re Duomatic [1969] 2 Ch 365 Re English & Colonial Product Co (1906) 2 Ch 435 Salomon v Salomon [1987] AC 22 Sangster v Biddulph [2005] PNLR 33 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg [2004] 1 BCLC 557

Department Of Media And Communication - 2242 Words

DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA COMMUNICATION MA (Fashion Journalism) A RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY: Full names: ROHAIZATUL AZHAR B AB RAHIM Student no: ABR 14439179 Postal address: 23B ARCHEL ROAD, W14 9QJ Telephone number: +44 747 826 0640 E-mail: r.abrahim1@arts.ac.uk Date of submission: January 30, 2015 This submissions contains two (02) parts: Unveiling the Hijabista: When Faith meets Fashion Evaluation of ‘The Roles of Media in Influencing Women Wearing Hijab: An Analysis’ by Zulkifli Abd. Latiff and Fatin Nur Sofia Zainol Alam Part 1: Unveiling The Hijabista - When Faith Meets Fashion 0.0 Introduction The Merriam-Webster dictionary (2015) defines hijab as the ‘traditional covering for the hair and neck that is worn by Muslim†¦show more content†¦Assisted by the socio-technological developments caused by new (mobile) communication technologies (Blommaert and Varis 2015), these influencers have started a sartorial movement that brings together two seemingly opposing ideas in order to create an indigenous identity. Known as Hijabista, a term coined by Jerome Taylor in The Independent newspaper (2010), they are defined as â€Å"a trendy set of up-and-coming Muslim women† (Taylor 2010) who dresses fashionably while still conforming to the code as prescribed by Islam through the donning of hijab. Being a Hijabista can therefore be seen as a sartorial technology of the self (Foucault 1988) through recognisable emblematic values of fabrics, cuts, accessories and styles (Blommaert and Varis 2015). The emergence of the Hijabista stems from the modern Muslim women’s desire to assimilate into western civilisation and to show that they too are in on the game. The word Hijabista is a hybridisation of ‘Hijab’ and ’fashionista’; the latter being taken to mean ‘one who is a keen follower of trends and style’. Because the relationship between Islam and women’s fashion is a conflicting one, the global perception of the Hijab is one that is associated with oppression and failure to adapt to progress and modernity. However, in recent years, those in Muslim-majority nations have began showing how the hijab is in fact a symbol of freedom. This rise in the hijab-wearing community of Middle-Eastern countries, such as Kuwait and